Biomolecular condensates: sequence determinants of phase separation, microstructural organization, enzymatic activity, and material properties. Liquid–liquid phase separation in biology: mechanisms, physiological functions and human diseases. Formation of biological condensates via phase separation: characteristics, analytical methods, and physiological implications. Protein phase separation: a new phase in cell biology. With these advances, a greater variety of complex organelle-like structures can be built for diverse applications, with unprecedented effects on synthetic biology.īoeynaems, S. In particular, we highlight recent advances in mining and understanding the proteinaceous components for creating designer condensates, along with the engineering approaches to manipulate their material properties and biological functions. Here we review the unique properties of the condensates, the promise and hurdles for harnessing them toward purposeful design and manipulation of biological functions in living cells. In the past decade, remarkable advances have been made to discover the fundamental roles of the condensates in spatiotemporal control of cellular metabolism and physiology and to reveal the molecular principles, components and driving forces that underlie their formation. Protein condensates are distinct structures assembled in living cells that concentrate molecules via phase separation in a confined subcellular compartment.
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